Double counting heart rate - Littmann sign in electrocardiogram.

This report highlights necessity of correctly and quickly identifying Littmann sign. Littmann sign is not common in clinical practice, which is easily overlooked by most physicians, leading to delays in the treatment of hyperkalemia. A 68 year old patient with hyperkalemia was found to have inconsistent heart rate displayed on electrocardiogram monitoring with cardiac auscultation and synchronous electrocardiogram in the early stages of onset. Hyperkalemia was highly suspected by the Littmann sign. After completing arterial blood gas analysis, hyperkalemia was identified and active potassium lowering treatment was immediately initiated. The Littmann syndrome disappeared, and the patient eventually recovered.

Locating Hydrogen Positions for COF-300 by Cryo-3D Electron Diffraction.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have wide-ranging applications, and their host-guest interactions play an essential role in the achievement of COF functions. To investigate these host-guest interactions, it is necessary to locate all atoms, especially hydrogen atoms. However, it is difficult to determine the hydrogen atomic positions in COFs because of the complexities in synthesizing high-quality large single crystals. Three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED) has unique advantages for the structural determination of nanocrystals and identification of light atoms. In this study, it was demonstrated for the first time that the hydrogen atoms of a COF, not only on the framework but also on the guest molecule, can be located by 3D ED using continuous precession electron diffraction tomography (cPEDT) under cryogenic conditions. The host-guest interactions were clarified with the location of the hydrogen atoms. These findings provide novel insights into the investigation of COFs.

Crystallization of Dimensional Isomers in Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Dimensional isomers, defined in reticular chemistry as frameworks consisting of identical molecular building blocks but extended in two or three dimensions (2D or 3D), are an important type of framework isomers that have never been isolated. Herein, we report the crystallization of dimensional isomers in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for the first time. By polymerization of the same molecular building blocks at different temperatures, both 2D and 3D COFs were successfully constructed due to the temperature-induced conformational changes of precursors from planar to tetrahedral. In addition, the non-fluorescent 2D COF can be gradually converted into the fluorescent 3D COF by increasing the temperature under solvothermal conditions. Therefore, it is reasonable to crystallize the dimensional isomers of reticular materials by controlling the conformation of molecular building blocks, and more examples can be expected. Since the obtained dimensional isomers show different properties and functions, this work will definitely motivate us to design reticular materials for target applications in the future.

Propofol alleviates neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury rat models via the microRNA-140-3p/Jagged-1 peptide/Notch signaling pathway.

Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was used to establish neuropathic pain (NP) models in rats. CCI rats were then treated with propofol (Pro) and their paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) were measured. In addition, the expression patterns of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and IL-10 were detected. CCI rats treated with propofol were further injected with antagomiR-140-3p to verify the role of miR-140-3p in propofol's analgesic actions. In addition to confirming the relationship between miR-140-3p and JAG1, the expression patterns of JAG1 itself were detected. Propofol-treated CCI rats were also injected with Ad-JAG1 (adenovirus-packaged JAG1 overexpression vector and Ad-NC) to test the role of JAG1 in propofol's analgesic mechanism of action. Finally, the levels of JAG1 and Notch pathway-related proteins were detected RESULTS: Propofol was found to alleviate NP, including thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical pain threshold. Propofol could also ameliorate neuroinflammation by up-regulating the expression of IL-10 and inhibiting the release of TNF-α and IL-1ß. Mechanically, propofol enhanced the amount of miR-140-3p in CCI rats via the regulation of JAG1. Down-regulation of miR-140-3p, or up-regulation of JAG1, could reduce the protective effect of propofol against NP. Propofol inhibited the activation of Notch signaling via miR-140-3p/JAG1 to realize its analgesic effect CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that propofol inhibits inflammatory responses and the Notch signaling pathway via miR-140-3p/JAG1 to alleviate NP. These data provide evidence to support a potential clinical therapy for NP.

Circular RNA PIP5K1A promotes colon cancer development through inhibiting miR-1273a.

BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are considered to be highly stable due to the closed structure, which are predominately correlated with the development and progression of a wide variety of cancers. Colon cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. A recent study demonstrated the upregulated expression of circPIP5K1A in non-small cell lung cancer. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between circ_0014130 level and colon cancer. Therefore, elucidating the underlying mechanisms of circPIP5K1A's role may help with the identification of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for colon cancer. AIM: To investigate the status of circPIP5K1A in colon cancers and its effects on the modulation of cancer development. METHODS: The expression level of circPIP5K1A in tissue and serum samples from colon cancer patients, as well as human colonic cancer cell lines was detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Following the transfection of specifically synthesized small interfering RNA (siRNA) into colon cell lines, we used Hoechst staining assay to measure the ratio of cell death in the absence of circPIP5K1A. Moreover, we also used the Transwell assay to assess the migratory function of colon cells overexpressing circPIP5K1A. Additionally, we employed a series of bioinformatics prediction programs to predict the potential of circPIP5K1A-targeted miRNAs and mRNAs. The miR-1273a vector was constructed, and then transfected with or without circPIP5K1A vector into colon cancer cells. Afterwards, the expression of activator protein 1 (AP-1), interferon regulating factor 4 (IRF-4), caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX-2), and zinc finger of the cerebellum 1 (Zic-1) was detected by western blotting. RESULTS: CircPIP5K1A was significantly upregulated in colon cancer tissue relative to their adjacent normal tissues. Knockdown of circPIP5K1A in colon cancer cells impaired cell viability and suppressed cell invasion and migration, while enforced expression of circPIP5K1A exhibited the opposite effects on cell migration. Bioinformatics prediction program predicted that the association of circPIP5K1A with miR-1273a, as well as AP-1, IRF-4, CDX-2, and Zic-1. Subsequent studies showed that overexpression of circPIP5K1A augmented the expression of AP-1 but attenuated the expression of IRF-4, CDX-2, and Zic-1. Reciprocally, overexpression of miR-1273a abrogated the oncogenic function of circPIP5K1A in colon cancers. CONCLUSION: Overall, our data demonstrate the oncogenic role of circPIP5K1A-miR-1273a axis in regulation of colon cancer development, which provides a novel insights into colon cancer pathogenesis.

Performance analysis of adaptive optics with a phase retrieval algorithm in orbital-angular-momentum-based oceanic turbulence links.

Recently, orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams have been applied in underwater optical communication (UWOC) to build a high-capacity communication link. However, a wave-front-sensitive OAM beam suffers significant distortion due to oceanic turbulence (OT), resulting in considerable intermodal crosstalk that degrades the UWOC performance. Herein, we propose and demonstrate an adaptive optics (AO)-based correction approach with a phase retrieval algorithm (PRA) to compensate for the distorted OAM beams induced by OT. In a simulation, an OT model with the random phase screen method is utilized. Two PRAs, the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm (GSA) and the hybrid input-output algorithm (HIOA), are utilized to reconstruct the distorted phase-front of the OAM beam. The simulation results illustrate that the PRA-based AO approach can effectively compensate for the distorted OAM beam and improve the bit error rate performance in an oceanic channel. Additionally, the compensation performance of HIOA-based AO is superior to that of GSA-based AO in terms of convergence performance. This work verifies the feasibility and validity of a PRA-based AO approach in underwater turbulence optical communication and provides new insights into the OAM underwater communication system.

Raltitrexed increases radiation sensitivity of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells.

BACKGROUND: Radiation therapy remains an important therapeutic modality, especially for those patients who are not candidates for radical resection. Many strategies have been developed to increase the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer, with some success. METHODS: This study was conducted to determine whether raltitrexed can enhance radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). ESCC cell lines 24 h were incubated with raltitrexed or DMSO with or without subsequent irradiation. Cell Counting Kit assay-8 assay and clonogenic survival assay were used to measure the cell proliferation and radiosensitization, respectively. Flow cytometry was utilized to examine cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution in different groups. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to detect deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-strand breaks. In addition, the expression levels of proteins that are involved in radiation induced signal transduction including Bax, Cyclin B1, Cdc2/pCdc2, and Cdc25C/pCdc25C were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS: The results indicated that raltitrexed enhanced radiosensitivity of ESCC cells with increased DNA double-strand breaks, the G2/M arrest, and the apoptosis of ESCC cells induced by radiation. The sensitization enhancement ratio of 1.23-2.10 was detected for ESCC cells with raltitrexed treatment in TE-13 cell line. In vitro, raltitrexed also increased the therapeutic effect of radiation in nude mice. CONCLUSION: Raltitrexed increases the radiosensitivity of ESCC. This antimetabolite drug is promising for future clinical trials with concurrent radiation in esophageal cancer.

Molecular evolution of influenza B virus during 2011-2017 in Chaoyang, Beijing, suggesting the free influenza vaccine policy.

Two influenza B virus lineages, B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, are co-circulating in human population. While the two lineages are serologically distinct and TIV only contain one lineage. It is important to investigate the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of two influenza B virus lineages in Beijing after the free influenza vaccine policy from 2007. Here, we collected the nasopharyngeal swabs of 12657 outpatients of influenza-like illness and subtyped by real-time RT-PCR during 2011-2017. The HA and NA genes of influenza B were fully sequenced. The prevalence is the highest in the 6-17 years old group among people infected with influenza B. Yamagata-lineage virus evolved to two inter-clade from 2011-2014 to 2014-2017. The amino acids substitutions of HA1 region were R279K in strains of 2011-2014 and L173Q, M252V in strains of 2014-2017. Substitutions L58P, I146V were observed in HA1 region of Victoria-lineage virus in 2011-2012 and I117V, N129D were showed in 2015-2017. Phylogenetic analysis of NA showed Yamagata-Victoria inter-lineage reassortant occurred in 2013-2014. Influenza B mainly infect the school-aged children in Beijing and the free influenza vaccine inoculation does not seem to block school-age children from infection with influenza B. The antigen characteristics of circulating influenza B were different to the recommended vaccine strains. We concluded that the Victoria-lineage vaccine strain should been changed and the free influenza vaccine should be revalued.

Cage Based Crystalline Covalent Organic Frameworks.

The first two cage based crystalline covalent organic frameworks, cage-COF-1 and cage-COF-2, were constructed from a prism-like three-aldehyde-containing molecular cage. The cage contains two horizontal phloroglucinol and three vertical triazine moieties forming three identical V-shaped cavities. By reacting with p-phenylenediamine and 4,4'-biphenyldiamine, the two cage-COFs were formed with a hexagonal skeleton and possess a unique structure. Due to the pillared cage nodes, the linkers are hanging with their π-surfaces but not C-H sites exposed to the pore, and enjoy certain rotational dynamics as suggested by 13C CP/MAS NMR. The antidirection of the diimine linkages leads to rippled layers which pack in unique ABC mode through alternate stacking of the cage twosided faces in both AB and AC layers. Such packing forms trigonal channels along c axis which are interconnected in ab plane due to the large open space created across the hanging linkers, resembling the porous characteristics of 3D COFs. The cage-COFs have a permanent porosity and can adsorb CO2 facilitated by the intrinsic cage cavities that serve as prime adsorption sites. The unprecedented cage-COFs not only merge the borderline of 2D and 3D COFs but also bridge porous organic cages to extended crystalline organic frameworks.

Adaptive turbulence compensation with a hybrid input-output algorithm in orbital angular momentum-based free-space optical communication.

Atmospheric turbulence is a major challenge for practical orbital angular momentum (OAM)-based free-space optical (FSO) communication systems that causes intermodal crosstalk and degrades the performance of the system. Herein, we propose a hybrid input-output algorithm (HIOA)-based adaptive optics (AO) system to compensate for distorted OAM beams. The principle and parameters of the HIOA-based AO system in an OAM-based FSO system are analyzed, and the performance is discussed. The simulation results indicate that the HIOA-based AO system can effectively correct distorted OAM beams and that the HIOA improves the compensation performance and convergence speed compared to the traditional Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. Moreover, we analyze the compensation performance based on different probe beams. Using an OAM beam with state l=1 as a probe beam can yield better correction effects than a Gaussian beam. This work verifies the feasibility of using an HIOA for adaptive turbulence compensation and provides new insights into OAM communication systems.

[Clonal water integration contributes to more survival advantages for Populus euphratica young ramets in the hyper-arid habitat]. / å ‹éš†æ°´åˆ†æ•´åˆæœ‰åŠ©èƒ¡æ¨æ— æ€§ç³»å¹¼æ ªåœ¨æžç«¯å¹²æ—±ç”Ÿå¢ƒä¸‹ä¿æŒæ›´é«˜ç”Ÿå­˜ä¼˜åŠ¿.

The proposed investigation was carried on the characteristics of clonal water integration between the Populus euphratica mother tree and its young ramets, as well as its effects on the phy-siological traits of young ramets at the lower reaches of Tarim River. The results showed that there was obvious water integration characterized by acropetal water transport between P. euphratica mother tree and its young ramets. The mean daily flow by water integration from the mother tree to its young ramets was three times as the seedlings with similar growth status at the same habitat by getting water by itself roots. Compared with the P. euphratica seedlings, the young ramets could take much more water from relatively deeper soil layers just like their mother tree. It indicated the young ramets maintained a better water acquisition ability due to clonal water integration. There was obviously higher leaf water content of young ramets than seedlings, and especially the water potential in the predawn and midday was increased by 10.0% and 29.7%, respectively. The advantaged water status of young ramets made the photosystem 2 electron transport rate and actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 in light-adapted leaves increase by 23.4% and 11.5% than seedlings, respectively, and also made the young ramets maintain a significantly lower excess excited energy in photosystem 2 and a lower risk of photoinhibition than seedlings. All of the above cha-racteristics would impel the P. euphratica young ramets had higher survival advantages than seedlings at hyper-arid habitats.

Stimulation effect of chitosan on the immunity of radiotherapy patients suffered from lung cancer.

Water soluble chitosan (WSC), with low molecular weight, has many special biological, chemical, and physical properties, such as antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, and antitumor activity. In this study, the WSC was prepared by hydrolysis of the original chitosan with commercial cellulase, and the effect of WSC on the immunity of radiotherapy patients suffered from lung cancer (RPSFLC) was investigated. Oral administration of WSC increased CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 ration, NK cells, IL-6, and TNF-α levels compared with the control group. The results indicate that oral administration of WSC can enhance the immunity of RPSFLC, and therefore oral administration of WSC may be used as an adjuvant therapy for them.

Fenofibrate increases radiosensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis.

Radiation therapy is an important treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, how to promote radiation sensitivity in HNSCC remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the radiosensitizing effects of fenofibrate on HNSCC and explore the underlying mechanisms. HNSCC cell lines CNE-2 and KB were subjected to ionizing radiation (IR), in the presence or absence of fenofibrate treatment. Cell growth and survival, apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated. In addition, CNE-2 cells were xenografted into nude mice and subjected to IR and/ or fenofibrate treatment. The expression of cyclinB and CDK1 was detected by Western blotting. Our results showed that fenofibrate efficiently radiosensitized HNSCC cells and xenografts in mice, and induced apoptosis and G2/M arrest via reducing the activity of the CDK1/cyclinB1 kinase complex. These data suggest that fenofibrate could be a promising radiosensitizer for HNSCC radiotherapy.

Hypolipidemic effect of the polysaccharides from Porphyra yezoensis.

This study was performed to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of the polysaccharides extracted from Porphyra yezoensis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and orally treated with diets containing either high fat, P. yezoensis polysaccharides (PPs), or normal fat. Treatment of male Sprague-Dawley rats with PPs led not only to significant decreases in plasma triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but also to significant decreases in liver weight, triacylglycerol and cholesterol. Therefore, the results suggest that PPs had a high hypolipidemic activity and could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for hyperlipidemia.

Resveratrol inhibits oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell proliferation via AMP-activated protein kinase signaling.

Resveratrol has been examined in several model systems for potential effects against cancer. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is reported to suppress proliferation in most eukaryocyte cells. Whether resveratrol via AMPK inhibits proliferation of oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells (OAC) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the roles of AMPK in the protective effects of resveratrol in OAC proliferation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Treatment of cultured OAC derived from human subjects or cell lines with resveratrol resulted in decreased cell proliferation. Further, inhibition of AMPK by pharmacological reagent or genetical approach abolished resveratrol-suppressed OAC proliferation, reduced the level of p27Kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, and increased the levels of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) of p27Kip1-E3 ubiquitin ligase and 26S proteasome activity reduced by resveratrol. Furthermore, gene silencing of p27Kip1 reversed resveratrol-suppressed OAC proliferation. In conclusion, these findings indicate that resveratrol inhibits Skp2-mediated ubiquitylation and 26S proteasome-dependent degradation of p27Kip1 via AMPK activation to suppress OAC proliferation.

Meat consumption is associated with esophageal cancer risk in a meat- and cancer-histological-type dependent manner.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of meat intake and esophageal cancer risk, with subgroup analyses based on meat type and histological type of cancer. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between meat intake and risk of esophageal cancer. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library (April 2013) for cohort and case-control studies that assessed meat intake and esophageal cancer risk. Random-effect or fixed-effect models were used to pool relative risks (RRs) from individual studies with heterogeneity and publication bias analyses carried out. Seven cohort and 28 case-control studies were included. RESULTS: The summary RRs for esophageal cancer for the highest versus lowest consumption categories were 1.19 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.98-1.46) for total meat, 1.55 (95 % CI 1.22-1.96) for red meat, 1.33 (95 % CI 1.04-1.69) for processed meat, 0.72 (95 % CI 0.60-0.86) for white meat, 0.83 (95 % CI 0.72-0.96) for poultry, and 0.95 (95 % CI 0.76-1.19) for fish. When striated by histological subtype, positive associations were seen among esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and red meat, white meat and poultry, and esophageal adenocarcinoma with total meat and processed meat. CONCLUSIONS: Meat consumption is associated with esophageal cancer risk, which depends on meat type and histological type of esophageal cancer. High intake of red meat and low intake of poultry are associated with an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. High meat intake, especially processed meat, is likely to increase esophageal adenocarcinoma risk. And fish consumption may not be associated with incidence of esophageal cancer.

HIF-1α P582S and A588T polymorphisms and digestive system cancer risk-a meta-analysis.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) influences cancer progression and metastasis through various mechanisms, and HIF-1α polymorphisms are reportedly associated with many cancers; however, the associations of HIF-1α P582S and A588T polymorphisms with the risk of digestive system cancer remain inconclusive. To understand the role of HIF-1α P582S and A588T genotypes in digestive cancer development, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis involving 1,517 cases and 3,740 controls. Overall, the P582S polymorphism was not significantly associated with digestive system cancers in all genotypes. By contrast, the A588T polymorphism was significantly associated with digestive system cancers in the dominant model (TT/AT vs. AA: OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.21, 8.25; P heterogeneity < 0.001). In subgroup analysis for cancer types, the two polymorphisms were only associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer (P582S: SS vs. PP: OR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.31, 4.81; SS vs. PP/PS: OR = 8.73, 95% CI: 1.33, 57.1; A588T: TT vs. AA: OR = 9.30, 95% CI: 1.12, 77.6; P heterogeneity = 0.478; TT vs. AA/AT: OR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.99, 4.97; P heterogeneity = 0.098; TT/AT vs. AA: OR = 8.65, 95% CI: 1.05, 71.6; P heterogeneity = 0.418). According to the source of ethnicity, the P582S and the A588T polymorphisms are both significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer among Caucasians in the homozygote model (SS vs. PP: OR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.24, 4.691; P heterogeneity = 0.010; TT vs. AA: OR = 98.6, 95% CI: 4.37, 2,224; P heterogeneity = 0.040) and the recessive model (SS vs. PP/PS: OR = 9.48, 95% CI: 1.12, 80.3; P heterogeneity < 0.001; TT vs. AA/AT: OR = 82.7, 95% CI: 3.79, 1,802; P heterogeneity = 0.041). Our findings suggest that the HIF-1α A588T polymorphism is significantly associated with higher cancer risk and the P582S polymorphism is significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Furthermore, the effect of both polymorphisms on digestive system cancer is more pronounced among Caucasians than that among Asians.

[Sequence analysis of the coat protein gene of Chinese soybean mosaic virus strain SC7 and comparison with those of SMV strains from the USA].

To unveil genetic variations between the predominant soybean mosaic virus (SMV) strains in China and in the USA, as well as to reveal the potential relevance between the similarity of gene sequences and the virulence of the viruses, we isolated and sequenced the coat protein (CP) gene of Chinese SMV strain SC7 by RT-PCR and compared the SC7 sequence with those of SMV strains from the USA. Analysis is showed that the CP gene of SC7 was 795 nucleotides in length and encoded 265 in amino acids'. The CP gene of SC7 and those of the strains from the USA exhibited 4%-5% nucleotide diversity and 1%-2% diversity amino acids. The conserved amino-acid sequence associated with aphid spread in the USA strains was DAG, and corresponded to DAD in SC7. The virulence of SC7 was greater than that of the SMV strains from the USA. Nevertheless, no clear relationships between sequence similarity of the CP genes from different strains and their virulence on differential hosts were found.

HIF-1α 1772 C/T and 1790 G/A polymorphisms are significantly associated with higher cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis from 34 case-control studies.

BACKGROUND: HIF-1 activates various genes in cancer progression and metastasis. HIF-1α 1772 C/T and 1790 G/A polymorphisms are reportedly associated with cancer risk; however, the results are inconclusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A meta-analysis of 34 studies that involved 7522 cases and 9847 controls for 1772 C/T and 24 studies that involved 4884 cases and 8154 controls for 1790 G/A was conducted to identify the association of C/T and G/A polymorphisms with cancer risk. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to assess the strength of association. HIF-1α 1772 C/T and 1790 G/A polymorphisms were associated with higher cancer risk in homozygote comparison (1772C/T: TT vs. CC: OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.52, 3.96; P heterogeneity = 0.028; 1790G/A: AA vs. GG: OR=4.74, 95% CI: 1.78, 12.6; P heterogeneity < 0.01), dominant model (1772C/T: TT/CT vs. CC: OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.55; P heterogeneity < 0.01, 1790G/A: AA/GA vs. GG: OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.60; P heterogeneity < 0.01), T allele versus C allele (T vs. C: OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.70; P heterogeneity < 0.01), and A allele versus G allele (A vs. G: OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.96; P heterogeneity < 0.01). On a subgroup analysis, the 1772 C/T polymorphism was significantly linked to higher risks for breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and cervical cancer, whereas the 1790 G/A polymorphism was significantly linked to higher risks for lung cancer and prostate cancer. A significantly increased cancer risk was found in both Asians and Caucasians for 1772C/T polymorphism, whereas a significantly increased cancer risk was found in Caucasians in the heterozygote comparison and recessive model for 1790G/A polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS: HIF-1α 1772 C/T and 1790 G/A polymorphisms are significantly associated with higher cancer risk.

Molecular footprints of domestication and improvement in soybean revealed by whole genome re-sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Artificial selection played an important role in the origin of modern Glycine max cultivars from the wild soybean Glycine soja. To elucidate the consequences of artificial selection accompanying the domestication and modern improvement of soybean, 25 new and 30 published whole-genome re-sequencing accessions, which represent wild, domesticated landrace, and Chinese elite soybean populations were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 5,102,244 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 707,969 insertion/deletions were identified. Among the SNPs detected, 25.5% were not described previously. We found that artificial selection during domestication led to more pronounced reduction in the genetic diversity of soybean than the switch from landraces to elite cultivars. Only a small proportion (2.99%) of the whole genomic regions appear to be affected by artificial selection for preferred agricultural traits. The selection regions were not distributed randomly or uniformly throughout the genome. Instead, clusters of selection hotspots in certain genomic regions were observed. Moreover, a set of candidate genes (4.38% of the total annotated genes) significantly affected by selection underlying soybean domestication and genetic improvement were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Given the uniqueness of the soybean germplasm sequenced, this study drew a clear picture of human-mediated evolution of the soybean genomes. The genomic resources and information provided by this study would also facilitate the discovery of genes/loci underlying agronomically important traits.